第四部分：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的概念
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或當(dāng)前一般時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作�？梢员硎居杏�(jì)劃的未來(lái)。
2．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成是:主語(yǔ)+be+動(dòng)詞ing〔現(xiàn)在分詞〕形式
be應(yīng)為助動(dòng)詞，初學(xué)者最容易漏掉，它應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。
第一人稱單數(shù) I+am+doing+sth
第一人稱復(fù)數(shù) We+are+doing +sth
第二人稱單復(fù)數(shù) You+are+doing +sth
第三人稱單數(shù) He（She，it）+is+doing+sth
第三人稱復(fù)數(shù) They+are+doing +sth
動(dòng)詞變化規(guī)則
A、直接+ ing
B、去e+ing
C、重讀閉音節(jié)，且末尾只有1個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫輔音字母+ing
D、特殊變化：die-dying,lie-lying，tie-tying
E、不規(guī)則變化
�、� 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用
在實(shí)際運(yùn)用時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用以下幾種情況：
(1)當(dāng)句子中有now時(shí)，常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
They are playing basketball now.現(xiàn)在他們正在打籃球。
(2)以look, listen開頭的句子，提示我們動(dòng)作正進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
Listen！She is singing an English song.聽，她正在唱英語(yǔ)歌。
(3)表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，且此時(shí)有this week, these days等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
We are making model planes these days.這些天我們?cè)谧鲲w機(jī)模型。
(4)描述圖片中的人物的動(dòng)作，也為了表達(dá)更生動(dòng)。此時(shí)也常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看這幅圖，那些孩子正在公園放風(fēng)箏。
第五部分：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
�、� 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的概念
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果，以及過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞 have(has)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
�、� 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：
其主要用法有三種：
I已完成用法。 表示一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生并結(jié)束的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果和影響。這一類情況可以細(xì)致分為下述兩種情況。
1）.表示開始于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束。常和just，now，already，yet，not…yet等連用。
Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明剛剛把燈關(guān)上。（說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在燈關(guān)上了）
I've finished my homework now. 現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了。（說(shuō)明可以交作業(yè)或做別的了）
2）. 表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在仍殘留著。一般不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
I have lost my pen. 我把筆丟了。 （說(shuō)明過(guò)去某時(shí)丟的，現(xiàn)在我還沒找到這支筆）
She has become a teacher. 她已經(jīng)當(dāng)了老師。（說(shuō)明她現(xiàn)在仍是老師）
II未完成用法。表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。往往和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如today，this week（month），lately，recently，these days，in the past few days，during the last two weeks. since，since yesterday，since 2 days ago，since 1991，for a longtime，for a month，so far，up to now，till（until） now等。
He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在這兒三十年了。（現(xiàn)在還住在這兒）
They've known each other since childhood. 他們從小彼此相識(shí)。（現(xiàn)在還繼續(xù)往來(lái)）
How long have you studied English？ 你學(xué)英語(yǔ)多久了？（現(xiàn)在仍在學(xué)）
III經(jīng)驗(yàn)性用法 。表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在之間曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過(guò)的事情。一般譯為漢語(yǔ)“過(guò)”，常和often，never，ever，once，twice，three times，before，since等連用。
I have been to the Summer Palace twice. 我曾經(jīng)去過(guò)頤和園兩次。
We have visited your school before. 我以前曾去過(guò)你們學(xué)校。
�。ㄟ^(guò)去的經(jīng)歷，但現(xiàn)在依然記得）
�、� 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
I現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時(shí)，可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
a. 用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑問(wèn)句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。
b. 用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑問(wèn)句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”或“從未“等。 如：
-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。
c. 用表示到說(shuō)話為止的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。例如：I have seen her before,but I can not remember where. 我以前見過(guò)她，但記不起在哪里見過(guò)。
He has been there three times the last few days. 近幾年他去過(guò)那里三次了。
d. 用包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't. 今天你見過(guò)他嗎？我 沒有。
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去過(guò)那里多少次？
II短暫性動(dòng)詞不能和表一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：come, go, arrive, reach, see,hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, close, fall, join, die, get up等。但如果要保留表一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，必須將動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞�，F(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換,如：
fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill) get to know→ know
begin,(start)→ be on open →be open
buy→ have get up→ be up
die→ be dead go out→ be out
come→ be in close→be closed
arrive→be here join→be in, be a +名詞
finish( end )→be over leave, move →be away, be out of
borrow →keep go to school→be a student
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) begin to study→study
come back→be back put on→wear 或be on
如：He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。
We have studied English for three years. 我們（開始）學(xué)英語(yǔ)已三年了。
�、� 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都表示在過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。試比較：
I have lost my new book. 我把新書丟了。（現(xiàn)在還未找到）
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新書丟了。（昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否沒說(shuō)明）
The light has gone out.燈已經(jīng)息了.(現(xiàn)在尚未亮)
The light gone went out.燈曾經(jīng)息過(guò).(現(xiàn)在已亮了)
⒌ 幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)
I. have been(to)與have gone( to)的區(qū)別：
have been(to)表示“去過(guò)某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了）”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀?rdquo;，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never,several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
II. 如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。
�、�. 不可延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來(lái)，我一直沒有離開過(guò)這兒。
�。ㄥe(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.
�。▽�(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
�、� 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
Ⅰ.It is the first / second time…. that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
�、�.This is the… that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)典例題解析：
1. --- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets.
--- You ______ something.
A. have left B. are always leaving C. are leaving D. always left
解析：進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)與always, all the time等連用，表示習(xí)慣性行為，且?guī)в袧夂竦母星樯省４颂幙衫斫鉃?ldquo;你總是丟三落四的”。，所以這個(gè)應(yīng)該選B
2. --- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your maths.
--- That’s OK. I can manage it by myself.
A. have been working; have B. have worked; had
C. am working; will have D. had been working; had had
解析：recently常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。第二空應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。所以這個(gè)應(yīng)該選A
3. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me.
A. are writing B. will write
C. has written D. write
解析：next time引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，而且其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。所以這個(gè)應(yīng)該選D
4. He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.
A. will speak B. is going to speak C. had to speak D. was going to speak
解析：由題意“他本來(lái)打算在會(huì)上發(fā)言，但……”可知應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。
5. --- I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.
--- Oh, I ______ myself.
A. am talking to B. talked about C. have talked to D. was talking to
解析：Oh, I was talking to myself.意為“噢， 我（剛才）只是在自言自語(yǔ)”。 所以這個(gè)應(yīng)該選D
6. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play
解析：“乒乓球打得好”是一般情況，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。所以這個(gè)應(yīng)該選D
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