由于美國(guó)推出的“舊車換現(xiàn)金”計(jì)劃提振了消費(fèi)支出，而美國(guó)制造商也在增加生產(chǎn)，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們對(duì)美國(guó)今年下半年的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)情況做出了更為樂(lè)觀的預(yù)期。

　　在美國(guó)政府上周公布了第二季度國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）數(shù)據(jù)后，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們紛紛開始修正自己對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)情況的預(yù)期。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)今年第二季度較上年同期下降1%，降幅低于預(yù)期。上調(diào)對(duì)未來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)預(yù)期的勢(shì)頭本周仍在持續(xù)，因?yàn)槿藗冋J(rèn)為美國(guó)政府的汽車銷售刺激計(jì)劃有望在未來(lái)幾個(gè)月增加消費(fèi)者支出，并迫使汽車制造商較原計(jì)劃生產(chǎn)更多新車。

　　美國(guó)商務(wù)部（Commerce Department）周二宣布，6月份的消費(fèi)者支出增長(zhǎng)了0.4%.但經(jīng)通貨膨脹因素調(diào)整后，當(dāng)月的消費(fèi)者支出為下降0.1%.6月份的個(gè)人收入也下降了1.3%，創(chuàng)出四年來(lái)的最大單月降幅。

　　這一數(shù)據(jù)顯示，由于就業(yè)市場(chǎng)疲軟，美國(guó)消費(fèi)者今年上半年承受了很大壓力。這種狀況暗示，人們期待中的GDP增長(zhǎng)將不足以明顯降低失業(yè)率。

　　不過(guò)現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)了本輪金融危機(jī)開始以來(lái)最大一波上調(diào)GDP預(yù)測(cè)值的浪潮。瑞銀（UBS AG）現(xiàn)在預(yù)計(jì)，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)第三季度將增長(zhǎng)2.5%，高于此前預(yù)計(jì)的2%，第四季度將增長(zhǎng)3%，高于此前預(yù)計(jì)的2.5%.富國(guó)銀行（Wells Fargo & Co.）也將它對(duì)美國(guó)第三季度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率的預(yù)測(cè)值從2.2%上調(diào)至3%.它還將美國(guó)第四季度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率預(yù)測(cè)值從1.6%上調(diào)到2.0%.T. Rowe Price Group Inc.則將它對(duì)美國(guó)第三季度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率的預(yù)測(cè)值從1.3%上調(diào)到2.75%.

　　經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們此前已經(jīng)預(yù)計(jì)，隨著企業(yè)在今年上半年逐步消化庫(kù)存，美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率未來(lái)幾個(gè)月將出現(xiàn)反彈。本周一份令人鼓舞的制造業(yè)報(bào)告顯示，受這一預(yù)期推動(dòng)，美國(guó)的新訂單和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)都出現(xiàn)了躍升。

　　穆迪經(jīng)濟(jì)網(wǎng)（Moody's Economy.com）的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家贊迪（Mark Zandi）說(shuō)，庫(kù)存減少和銷售增加這兩個(gè)因素結(jié)合在一起，構(gòu)成了人們至少對(duì)今年下半年的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)抱更樂(lè)觀看法的基本理由。該公司將它對(duì)美國(guó)今年第三季度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率的預(yù)測(cè)值從1.1%上調(diào)到1.6%，將其對(duì)第四季度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率的預(yù)測(cè)值從0.2%上調(diào)到了2.1%.

　　富國(guó)銀行的高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家魏特納（Mark Vitner）說(shuō)，如果美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)批準(zhǔn)將政府對(duì)“舊車換現(xiàn)金”計(jì)劃的補(bǔ)貼增加20億美元，汽車銷售甚至可能進(jìn)一步提振消費(fèi)者支出。但這也有可能導(dǎo)致美國(guó)的個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄率再次下降。美國(guó)6月份的儲(chǔ)蓄率已由前月的6.2%下降至4.6%.

　　不過(guò)，MFR Inc.的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家夏皮羅（Joshua Shapiro）則認(rèn)為，一旦美國(guó)消費(fèi)者不是在從政府的刺激計(jì)劃中獲得好處，美國(guó)的消費(fèi)基本面仍會(huì)非常嚴(yán)峻。夏皮羅原本預(yù)計(jì)，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)今年第三季度將增長(zhǎng)0.2%，第四季度為零增長(zhǎng)，但他現(xiàn)在預(yù)計(jì)下半年的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率有可能達(dá)到2%.

　　在“舊車換現(xiàn)金”計(jì)劃停止實(shí)施后，美國(guó)消費(fèi)者有可能再度抑制支出，而長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看美國(guó)的儲(chǔ)蓄率預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)繼續(xù)攀升。

　　美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的最理想情況是，經(jīng)濟(jì)在下半年表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)勁，消費(fèi)者支出和消費(fèi)者信心增加，而沒(méi)有再出現(xiàn)這次經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退以來(lái)的大規(guī)模裁員。否則的話，經(jīng)濟(jì)要繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，就必須借助企業(yè)投資的回升。雖然新訂單數(shù)據(jù)正在顯示令人鼓舞的跡象，但目前還沒(méi)有什么跡象顯示經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域已普遍出現(xiàn)了增長(zhǎng)。

　　雖然人們并不認(rèn)為住房市場(chǎng)會(huì)帶動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇，但這一領(lǐng)域的改善跡象卻有可能推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。美國(guó)全國(guó)地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)商協(xié)會(huì)（National Association of Realtors ）周二宣布，用以衡量購(gòu)房簽約情況并預(yù)測(cè)成屋銷售情況的成屋待完成銷售指數(shù)今年6月上升3.6%，達(dá)到94.6點(diǎn)，為2007年6月以來(lái)的最高點(diǎn)位。這一指數(shù)暗示，成屋銷售情況未來(lái)一到兩個(gè)月預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)出現(xiàn)改善。不過(guò)，該指數(shù)最近一直不大能準(zhǔn)確預(yù)示成屋銷售的實(shí)際情況。

　　Economists are predicting a brighter second half of the year as the cash-for-clunkers program boosts spending and U.S. manufacturers ramp up their production.

　　Revisions began after last week's gross-domestic-product report， showing the economy contracted at a better-than-expected 1%. This week， the upward revisions have continued on hopes the government's auto stimulus program would propel consumer spending in coming months and force auto makers to make more new cars than previously planned.

　　Meanwhile， the Commerce Department said Tuesday that consumer spending rose 0.4% in June. But adjusted for inflation， it fell 0.1%. Personal-income data also fell 1.3% in June， the largest single-month drop in four years.

　　The data indicated that consumers concluded the first half under intense pressure from a weak labor market. That suggests the anticipated GDP growth won't be enough to substantially bring down the unemployment rate.

　　Still， in the largest wave of upward revisions of GDP forecasts since the financial crisis began， UBS AG is now predicting 2.5% growth in the third quarter， up from 2%， and 3% growth in the fourth quarter， up from 2.5%. Wells Fargo & Co. also revised its third-quarter forecast to 3% growth， up from 2.2%. For the fourth quarter， it is now predicting 2.0%， up from 1.6%. T. Rowe Price Group Inc. increased its third-quarter projection to 2.75% from 1.3%.

　　Economists already had expected growth to rebound in coming months after companies drew down inventories in the first half of the year. A promising manufacturing report this week showed a jump in new orders and production， building on those expectations.

　　'When you combine leaner inventories with more sales， that's the fundamental reason for being more optimistic about at least the second half of this year，' said Mark Zandi， chief economist for Moody's Economy.com. The firm revised its third-quarter forecast to 1.6% from 1.1%， and its fourth-quarter outlook to 2.1% from 0.2%.

　　If the cash-for-clunkers program receives an additional $2 billion in funding from Congress， sales could boost consumer spending even further， said Mark Vitner， a senior economist at Wells Fargo. It would likely cause another drop in the personal savings rate， which fell to 4.6% in June from 6.2% a month earlier.

　　However， MFR Inc. chief economist Joshua Shapiro said， 'The underlying fundamentals for the consumer are going to remain pretty tough' once they aren't benefiting from government programs. Mr. Shapiro originally predicted 0.2% growth in the third quarter and no growth in the fourth quarter， but said now 2% growth is likely in the second half.

　　When the cash-for-clunkers program expires， consumers are likely to rein in spending once again， and the savings rate is expected to continue its climb in the long run.

　　The best-case scenario for sustained growth is a strong second half， with improved consumer spending and confidence， and without the massive layoffs that have marked much of the recession. Short of that， business investment would have to make a comeback for expansion to continue. New orders are showing encouraging signs， but so far there's little sign the growth is widespread.

　　Although housing isn't expected to lead the recovery， signs of improvement in the sector could buoy growth in the economy. The pending home-sales index， which measures housing contract activity and is designed to foreshadow existing home sales， increased 3.6% in June to 94.6 —— its highest point since June 2007， the National Association of Realtors said Tuesday. The measure suggests that existing home sales are likely to rise in the next month or two， though the relationship between the two indicators has been volatile lately.