美國CPA《財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)與報(bào)告》知識(shí)點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)金流 cash flow

2018年美國CPA考試已經(jīng)開始，為幫助廣大學(xué)員高效備考，正保會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校美國CPA老師特別為學(xué)員總結(jié)了美國CPA考試《財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)與報(bào)告》的常考知識(shí)點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)金流——cash flow，以備迎接美國CPA考試，祝您在網(wǎng)校學(xué)習(xí)愉快！考試順利！

Module 2：Statement of Cash Flows（I）

1. Presentation requirements

● FS must includes Statements of CFs

● Provides information of cash receipts from and cash disbursements to by each activities

● Information of material noncash events also presents

● US. GAAP does not require disclosing cash flow per share

● IFRS does not prohibit presentation of cash flow per share

2. Cash and cash equivalents

● Cash: actual cash （i.e., currency, demand deposits）

● Cash equivalents: short-term liquid investment

● Readily convertible into certain amounts of cash

● So near maturity that the risk of changes in the value because of interest rate changes is insignificant.

e.g. treasury bills;

< 90 days original maturity period high liquid investments

Note: Bank overdraft is not cash under US. GAAP, but can be included in cash under IFRS.

要點(diǎn)一：

現(xiàn)金等價(jià)物：

- 高流動(dòng)性，可快速變現(xiàn)（充分流通的市場）短期票據(jù)/投資

- 原始到期日（變現(xiàn)期限）小于90天

- 現(xiàn)金價(jià)值金額固定或幾乎無價(jià)值變動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

- 公司對(duì)現(xiàn)金等價(jià)物有明確會(huì)計(jì)政策，并在FS中充分披露

3. Cash flow statement （CFs）

Statement of CF reconcile cash & cash equivalents from beginning balance to ending balance

Composed by:

● Operating cash flows （CFO）, from transactions reported on the I/S, and current assets and current liabilities.

● Investing cash flows （CFI）, from noncurrent assets.

● Financing cash flows （CFF）, from debt （non-current liabilities） and equity.

● Cash and cash equivalent beginning balance + CFO + CFI + CFF （net increase/decrease in cash）

= cash and cash equivalent ending balance

● Methods of Edit CFO

– The direct method （encourage）

– The indirect method

Direct / Indirect method only different on CFO

The CFI & CFF are the same.

4. Direct method

Convert each major item on I/S into cashable ones

● Present major classes of CFO

e.g. cash received from customer, cash paid to suppliers and employees

● Noncash items do not appear

e.g. Depreciation, amortization, depletion, equity method income

● Reconciliation of NI to CFO is required as a separate schedule under U.S. GAAP.

要點(diǎn)二：

Major CFO items calculation

公式：各項(xiàng)損益表經(jīng)營性項(xiàng)目+/- 資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表項(xiàng)目變化

1） Cash received from customers

= Revenue …………………………Accrual basis

– Receivable increase

+ Receivable decrease

+ Increase in unearned revenue

– Decrease in unearned revenue

2） Cash paid to suppliers

= Cost of goods sold…………………Accrual basis

+ Inventory increase

- Inventory decrease

- AP increase

+ AP decrease

3） Cash paid to employees

= Salaries and wages payable……………Accrual basis

- Wages payable increase

+ Wages payable decrease

4） Other operating cash payments

= Other operating expenses………………Accrual basis

+ Prepaid expense increase

- Prepaid expense decrease

+ Accrued liabilities decrease

- Accrued liabilities increase

Module 2：Statement of Cash Flows（II）

5. Indirect method

■ 5-1 CFO

● Debit balance accounts:

AR, Inventory, Prepaid expense, DTA

● Credit balance accounts :

AP, accrued expense, unearned revenue, DTL

● Non cash expense :

Depreciation , amortization, depletion, allowance/ provision，goodwill impairment

● Non cash income:

Income by payment of property, service, securities, COD.

● None operating Gain/Loss

Remove and analyze actual net receipt from CFO to CFI

e.g. Gain/loss from sales of PP&E or land, should be removed from NI, instead report in CFI the full proceeds received from sales of PP&E or land.

Undistributed earned on entity investment, removed from NI. Report actual dividends received in CFO.

要點(diǎn)三 經(jīng)營凈現(xiàn)金流間接法計(jì)算

● 凈利潤為起點(diǎn)，調(diào)整非現(xiàn)金收支和非經(jīng)營項(xiàng)目

● 非現(xiàn)金收入主要考慮非現(xiàn)金對(duì)價(jià)的收入, 如對(duì)價(jià)為實(shí)物資產(chǎn)，股權(quán)，證券，COD 等

● 非現(xiàn)金支出主要考慮：1）折舊攤銷等為滿足匹配原則的長期成本回收項(xiàng)目2）為滿足謹(jǐn)慎性原則的準(zhǔn)備和減值項(xiàng)目

● 將長期資產(chǎn)購置處置，股權(quán)投資購置，收益及處置，和融資內(nèi)容調(diào)整至CFI , CFF ，并將其中的非現(xiàn)金部分單獨(dú)補(bǔ)充說明

● Timing difference 經(jīng)營性凈收入口徑由Accrual basis 調(diào)整為 Cash basis

調(diào)整資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債中應(yīng)計(jì)（收現(xiàn)延遲），和預(yù)提（付現(xiàn)延遲）項(xiàng)目，及預(yù)收（收現(xiàn)提前）和預(yù)付（付現(xiàn)提前）項(xiàng)目，以流動(dòng)性項(xiàng)目為主

● 部分非現(xiàn)金及資產(chǎn)負(fù)債項(xiàng)目的分析

如存在壞賬核銷，由于壞賬核銷不影響當(dāng)期凈損益但影響AR期末數(shù)據(jù)，應(yīng)在NI的非現(xiàn)金AR調(diào)整中剔除

債券溢價(jià)或折價(jià)發(fā)行時(shí)，cash paid for interest 應(yīng)考慮損益表項(xiàng)目利息費(fèi)用 +/- 債券溢價(jià)/ 折價(jià)的攤銷

e.g. Amortization of bond discount has to be added back to net income to get the CFO. （interest paid is in CFO）

利息資本化和非資本化的內(nèi)容分別計(jì)算，資本化部分CFI，非資本化部分CFO

當(dāng)期折舊費(fèi)用可以通過B/S累計(jì)折舊/凈值的變化，剔除PP&E購置或處置帶來的折舊/凈值變化因素得到。

■ 5-2 CFI

Purchase or sale of non-current assets

e.g. PP&E, Finance assets （available-for-sale, held-to-maturity）, acquiring other entity under acquisition method, loan principle outflow/inflow

■ 5-3 CFF

Transactions regarding non-current liabilities and equity

e.g. Issue stock, bonds, notes, dividends, repurchase, repay principle，treasury stock transaction （note: receipt dividends & interest, paying interest are CFO; Paying dividend are CFF）

■ 5-4 Noncash Invest and Finance activities

要點(diǎn)四：非現(xiàn)金投資和融資行為單獨(dú)披露，分項(xiàng)說明

Supplemental schedule on noncash investing or financing as they may impact significantly future CF

e.g. Purchase PP&E or entity by issuing stock, notes, or by COD.

● Conversion bond to equity, preferred share to common share as financing activity（從負(fù)債轉(zhuǎn)為權(quán)益項(xiàng)目）

● Capital lease obligation for acquiring assets

● Noncash assets exchange

要點(diǎn)五 所得稅和利息單獨(dú)披露要求

● Allocation specifically related with investing or financing taxes to CFI/CFF is allowable in IFRS, tax paid separately present in CF is required.

● US GAAP requires income taxes paid and interests paid （ net of amounts capitalized ） be separately presented in CF statement as CFO items, direct method, or disclosed in supplemental disclosure, indirect method

● Cash flow per share should not be reported on the statement of CF under U.S. GAAP, because it may be misleading and may be incorrectly used as a measure of profitability.

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