很多在華外資銀行讓人得以一窺其財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)，這還是有史以來(lái)第一次。不過(guò)它們的成績(jī)并不是很好看。

　　據(jù)新發(fā)布的報(bào)告，它們?nèi)ツ暝谥袊?guó)市場(chǎng)取得的利潤(rùn)大幅下滑，而中資同行的利潤(rùn)卻實(shí)現(xiàn)了雙位數(shù)增長(zhǎng)。很多外資銀行把中國(guó)視為實(shí)現(xiàn)自身增長(zhǎng)的推動(dòng)器，但其成績(jī)說(shuō)明，它們?cè)谶@個(gè)市場(chǎng)的開(kāi)拓之路還面臨著不少挑戰(zhàn)。

　　Bloomberg這是匯豐銀行在中國(guó)的第100個(gè)分行，位于上海。外資銀行一般都沒(méi)有報(bào)告過(guò)它們?cè)谌A業(yè)務(wù)的業(yè)績(jī)，新數(shù)據(jù)是由各行過(guò)去幾個(gè)月用中文發(fā)布的，沒(méi)有正式通告，多數(shù)情況下都是因?yàn)橹袊?guó)的銀行業(yè)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)在7月份發(fā)布通知，要求它們更加嚴(yán)格地遵守信息披露規(guī)則。

　　畢馬威（KPMG）會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所的分析師在最近的一份報(bào)告中對(duì)這些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了編輯整理。

　　根據(jù)這份報(bào)告，匯豐控股（HSBC Holdings PLC）中國(guó)子公司去年的稅后利潤(rùn)為人民幣7.18億元（合1.065億美元），較2008年下降60%.匯豐是中國(guó)最大的外資銀行，網(wǎng)點(diǎn)超過(guò)100家。渣打銀行（Standard Chartered PLC）的中國(guó)子公司報(bào)告利潤(rùn)4.23億元，下降34%，摩根大通（J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.）子公司利潤(rùn)為6，600萬(wàn)元，下降21%.

　　這些公開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)只適用于各行的中國(guó)分支機(jī)構(gòu)，不包括投資中資銀行取得的收益、幫助中資企業(yè)海外上市獲得的承銷費(fèi)等項(xiàng)目。

　　花旗集團(tuán)（Citigroup Inc.）等少數(shù)在中國(guó)擁有分支機(jī)構(gòu)的外資銀行沒(méi)有公開(kāi)發(fā)表相關(guān)報(bào)告。

　　長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，外資銀行在中國(guó)擴(kuò)大業(yè)務(wù)都難以取得規(guī)模，因?yàn)楸O(jiān)管層限制了它們的本地機(jī)構(gòu)可以在多大程度上利用海外母公司的資源。

　　這些限制措施有助于中國(guó)銀行業(yè)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)隔離中國(guó)的金融系統(tǒng)，使之免受金融危機(jī)的影響，但它也把外資銀行局限在金融行業(yè)的邊緣位置，而在此同時(shí)，中資銀行按某些指標(biāo)來(lái)看卻已經(jīng)躋身世界前列。

　　去年其他市場(chǎng)的銀行業(yè)利潤(rùn)同樣大幅下降。但在中國(guó)2009年增長(zhǎng)8.7%、成為全世界少有的幾個(gè)亮點(diǎn)之一的情況下，在華外資銀行卻未能利用中國(guó)活躍的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)獲利，這跟本地競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手強(qiáng)勁得多的業(yè)績(jī)形成了鮮明的對(duì)比。

　　按資產(chǎn)規(guī)模計(jì)算，中國(guó)工商銀行（Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd.）是中國(guó)最大的銀行，去年它錄得凈利潤(rùn)1，286.5億元，增長(zhǎng)16%.中國(guó)建設(shè)銀行（Construction Bank Corp.）利潤(rùn)為1，067.6億元，增長(zhǎng)15%.

　　在很大程度上，外資銀行利潤(rùn)下滑源于貸款收入的減少，因?yàn)橘J款利率和存款利率的利差收窄。中資銀行憑借貸款規(guī)模的大幅增長(zhǎng)彌補(bǔ)了利差的下降，2009年新增貸款較上年增加了一倍左右。

　　外資銀行的借貸更趨放緩，部分原因來(lái)自其海外總部的壓力。很多情況下，這就意味著將客戶拱手讓給更愿意放貸的中國(guó)銀行。

　　外資銀行說(shuō)2009年不景氣的數(shù)字并未打擊他們對(duì)中國(guó)的興趣。

　　匯豐銀行（中國(guó)）發(fā)言人承認(rèn)，2009年是充滿挑戰(zhàn)的一年，在很大程度上是因?yàn)榈屠剩f(shuō)匯豐仍繼續(xù)在中國(guó)投資，并且中國(guó)仍然是匯豐“新興市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略”的中心。

　　渣打銀行（Standard Chartered）中國(guó)分部首席財(cái)務(wù)長(zhǎng)菲爾德（Joanna Fielding）說(shuō)，凈息差縮小對(duì)渣打的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)斐闪瞬涣加绊懀袊?guó)出口的減弱也是一個(gè)原因，但是盡管困難重重，我們將繼續(xù)把眼光放向更長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的未來(lái)。

　　由于全球金融危機(jī)已經(jīng)有所緩解，銀行在中國(guó)的表現(xiàn)可能在今年有所好轉(zhuǎn)，但是可能回不到2008年的水平。

　　中國(guó)正要求外資銀行的中國(guó)分支到明年年底將存貸比降至75%，從而將對(duì)他們的要求與本地銀行保持一致。

　　存貸比限制對(duì)本地銀行來(lái)說(shuō)不算很大的約束，因?yàn)閾?jù)去年的新增信貸數(shù)據(jù)顯示，他們擁有巨大的存款基數(shù)。

　　畢馬威會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所的報(bào)告顯示，但是外資銀行在中國(guó)擁有的國(guó)內(nèi)存款仍然十分貧乏，部分原因是建立零售網(wǎng)絡(luò)所需的許可證的審核速度太慢，并且很多銀行的存貸比在去年年底超過(guò)了150%.這將對(duì)他們今年擴(kuò)大貸款造成困難。

　　7月，中國(guó)銀監(jiān)會(huì)要求包括在中國(guó)注冊(cè)的外資銀行在內(nèi)的所有商業(yè)銀行將年度業(yè)績(jī)公布在各自的網(wǎng)站上。

　　銀監(jiān)會(huì)的文件指出外資銀行對(duì)法規(guī)的履行率很低，并要求他們立即改變這種狀況。

　　畢馬威的報(bào)告涉及到25家外資銀行的中國(guó)分支，其中大部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)都公布在各銀行網(wǎng)站上，但很多時(shí)候這些數(shù)據(jù)很難找到。部分銀行直接將數(shù)據(jù)交給了畢馬威，還未將其公布在網(wǎng)站上。

　　In China， Foreign Banks Lag In Profits For the first time， many foreign banks in China are offering a peek at their financial performance there， and the picture isn't pretty.

　　Their earnings in China plunged last year， even as their Chinese counterparts posted double-digit gains， according to new reports， illustrating the challenges foreign lenders face making inroads in a market many of them have targeted as a driver of growth.

　　Foreign banks typically haven't reported results for their Chinese operations. The new figures were published by the banks in Chinese， without announcement， over the past several months， in most cases after China's banking regulator circulated a notice in July demanding they abide more strictly by disclosure rules.

　　The numbers were compiled by analysts at accounting firm KPMG in a recent report.

　　According to the report， profit after taxes at the Chinese unit of HSBC Holdings PLC， the largest foreign bank in China with more than 100 outlets， fell 60% last year from 2008 to 718 million yuan （$106.5 million）。 Standard Chartered PLC's China unit reported a decline in profit of 34%， to 423 million yuan， and profit at J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.'s unit fell 21% to 66 million yuan.

　　The published numbers apply only to the banks' Chinese subsidiaries and don't include items such as gains on investments in Chinese lenders or underwriting fees for overseas offerings by Chinese companies.

　　A few major overseas banks with local units， including Citigroup Inc.， haven't publicly issued their reports.

　　Foreign banks have long struggled to build business of any scale in China， with regulators limiting the degree that their local operations can rely on resources from overseas parents.

　　Those restrictions helped China's banking regulator insulate the country's financial system from the fallout of the financial crisis， but it has also confined foreign banks to a marginal role in the financial sector， even as China's local banks have grown to rank among the largest banks in the world by some measures.

　　Bank profits fell sharply in other markets， too， last year. But the failure of foreign banks in China to profit from the country's robust economic growth， which at 8.7% in 2009 was one of the few bright spots in the global economy， contrasts with much stronger performance by local rivals.

　　Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd.， China's biggest lender by assets， reported an increase in net profit of 16% last year to 128.65 billion yuan. China Construction Bank Corp.'s profit rose 15% to 106.76 billion yuan.

　　In large part， the drop in foreign-bank profits was led by a decline in income on loans as the gap between lending and deposit rates narrowed. China's banks compensated for the drop with a huge increase in volume， roughly doubling the amount of new loans issued in 2009 from a year earlier.

　　Foreign banks lent more slowly， in part because of pressure from their overseas headquarters. In many cases， this meant losing clients to Chinese banks more willing to lend.

　　Foreign banks said the weak numbers for 2009 aren't deterring their interest in China.

　　An HSBC China spokesman acknowledged that 2009 was a 'challenging year，' in large part because of low interest rates， but said that it has continued to invest in the country and that China remains 'at the center of HSBC's emerging-markets strategy.'

　　Joanna Fielding， chief financial officer at Standard Chartered's China unit， said narrower net-interest margins took their toll on the bank's bottom line last year， as did the weakening of China's exports， but 'despite these challenges， we continue to build for the longer term.'

　　Bank performance in China is likely to recover somewhat this year， as the effects of the global financial crisis have eased， but they may not return to 2008 levels.

　　China is requiring local units of foreign banks to reduce their ratio of loans to deposits to 75% by the end of next year， bringing them in line with the requirement for local lenders.

　　The cap isn't much of a constraint on local banks， thanks to their huge deposit bases， as last year's expansion of credit shows.

　　But foreign banks still have fairly anemic domestic deposits in China， in part because of the slow pace of approval for licenses needed to build retail networks， and many of them had loan-to-deposit ratios above 150% at the end of last year， according to KPMG's report. That will make it difficult for them to expand lending this year.

　　In July， the China Banking Regulatory Commission ordered all commercial banks， including locally incorporated foreign banks， to post their annual results for a given year on their websites.

　　The regulator's document complained about the low rate of compliance among foreign banks and called on them to remedy the situation immediately.

　　Much of the data in the KPMG report， which covers the local units of 25 foreign banks， is publicly available on the banks' websites， but in many cases the numbers are difficult to locate. Some banks that haven't yet posted the data publicly gave their numbers directly to KPMG.